INTERNATIONAL TRADE, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA: IS THERE ANY LINK?
Keywords:
intellectual property right, economic development, ARDL, trade, inflation, NigeriaAbstract
This study explored on the nexus between trade (TRD), intellectual property right (IPR) and level of economic development (LDEV) over the period 1991 - 2018 using an Autoregressive distributed lag ARDL approach. The results suggest a long-run relationship between international trade, intellectual property right and level of economic development. The results also revealed that while the export component of the IPR exerted no impact on LDEV, TRD on the other hand, showed a temporary positive effect on the level of economic development possibly due to the instability in the macroeconomic environment and her overdependent on imported goods. Interestingly, FDI exerted a positive and significant effect on the level of economic development in the country. These results corroborate the outcome of the causality test, which revealed a uni-directional causality that runs from FDI, TRD to the level of economic development. In contrast, there seems to be a causal effect from the level of economic development to import component of the IPR to total productivity factor to inflation, respectively. The study concludes that both trade and intellectual property right are not capable of influencing economic development within the study period due to weak IPR protection and mono-product nature of the country. Based on the above, the study recommends that the government should provide an enabling environment that will further attract foreign investment in the country. Also, formulate a well developed institutional framework that will promote intellectual property right and finally diversify the economy into other sectors that are promising in order to avoid external shocks that can emanate from relying on a single sector of an economy.
References
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Awokuse, T. O. & Yin, H. (2010). Does Stronger Intellectual Property Rights Protection Induce More Bilateral Trade? Evidence from China's Imports, World Development, 38(8), 1094-1104.
Azeez, B. A., Dada, S. O. & Aluko, O. A. (2014). Effect of International Trade on Nigerian Economic Growth: The 21St-century Experience. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 2(11), 21-34.
Babatunde, M. A. (2017). Are Exports and Imports Cointegrated? Evidence from Nigeria. Journal of International and Global Economic Studies, 7(2), 45-67.
Baldwin, R. E., Braconier, H. & Forslid, R. (2003) Multinationals, endogenous growth, and technological spillovers: theory and evidence. Review of International Economics, 13(5), 945-963.
Betul, G. (2020). The effect of foreign trade on innovation. The Case of BRICS-T Countries. International Journal of Social, Humanities and Administrative Sciences, 6(27), 819-830.
Brueckner, M. & Lederman, D. (2015). Trade openness and economic growth: Panel data evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa. Economica, 82, 1302-1323.
Canh, N. P., Binh, N. T., Thanh, S. D. & Schinckus, C. (2019). Determinants of foreign direct investment inflows: The role of economic policy uncertainty. International Economics.
Chang, R., Kaltani, L. & Loayza, N. V. (2008). Openness can be useful for growth: The role of policy complementarities. Journal of Development Economics, 90(1), 33-49.
Checherita, C. & Rother, P. (2010). The Impact of High and Growing Government Debt on Economic Growth an Empirical Investigation for the Euro Area. ECB Working Paper Series.
Chen, Y., & Puttitanun, T. (2005), Intellectual Property Rights and Innovation in Developing Countries. Journal of Development Economics, 78(2), 474-493.
Chude, N. P. & Chude, D. I. (2013). Impact of Government Expenditure on Economic Growth in Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Management Review, 1(4), 64-71.
Coe, D. T. & Helpman, E. (1995). International R&D spillovers. European Economic Review, 39(5), 859-887.
Delgado, M., Kyle, M. & McGahan, A. M. (2014). Intellectual property protection and the geography of trade. The Journal of Industrial Economics, 61(3), 733-762.
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Dollar, D. & Kraay, A., (2004). Trade, growth and poverty. The Economic Journal, 114 (493), 22-44.
Edwards, S. (1993). Openness, Trade Liberalization, and Growth in Developing Countries Journal of Economic Literature, 31(2), 1358-1393.
Engle, R. F. & Granger, C. W. (1987). Co-integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation and Testing. Econometrica, 55, 251-276.
Fenira, M. (2015). Trade openness and growth in developing countries: An analysis of the relationship after comparing trade indicators. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 5(3), 468-482.
Ferrantino, M. J. (1993). The Effect of Intellectual Property Rights on International Trade and Investment, Weltwirtschaftliches Archive, 129, 300-331.
Filippetti, A. & Archibugi, D. (2015). The Globalization of Intellectual Property Rights. The Global Handbook of Science, Technology and Innovation, Wiley: Oxford.
Fink, C. & Primo Braga, C. A. (2005). How Stronger Protection of Intellectual Property Rights Affects International Trade Flows, in C. Fink and K. Maskus, eds., Intellectual Property and Development: Lessons from Recent Economic Research. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Flores, L. G. & Perez, J. F (2019). Factors which stimulates innovation activity in Latin America: A VECM approach. Economia, 19(61), 373-403.
Frankel, J. N. & Romer, D. (1999). Does trade cause growth? American Economics Reviews, 89, 379-399.
Freund, C. & Bolaky, B. (2008). Trade, regulations, and income. Journal of Development Economics, 87, 309-321.
Gokal, V. & Hanif, S. (2004). Relationship between Inflation and Economic Growth. Working Paper 2004/04, Reserve Bank of Fiji.
Gould, D. & Gruben, W. (1996). The Role of Intellectual Property Rights in Economic Growth. Journal of Development Economics, 48(2), 323-350.
Gozgor, G. & Can, M. (2016). Does export product quality matters for Co2 Emissions? Evidence from China. MPRA Paper 71873, University Library of Munich, Germany.
Gries, T. & Redlin, M. (2012). Trade Openness and Economic growth: A Panel Causality Analysis.
Grossman, G. & Helpman, E. (1991). Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
Hye, Q. M. A. & Lau, W. Y. (2015). Trade openness and economic growth: empirical evidence from India. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 16(1), 188-205.
Hwang, H., Wu, J. Z. & Yu, E. S. H. (2016). Innovation, Imitation and Intellectual Property Rights in Developing Countries, Review of Development Economics, 20(1), 138-151.
Ivus, O. (2010). Do stronger patent rights raise high-tech exports to the developing world? Journal of International Economics, 81, 38-47.
Isaac, M. & Ibrahim, K. R. (2019). The effect of international trade flows on economic growth of Uganda. Journal of Developing Areas, 38(2), 78-93.
Johansen, S (1991). Estimation and Hypothesis Testing of Cointegration Vectors in Gaussian Vector Autoregressive Models. Econometrica, 59(6), 1551-1580.
Kim, Y. K., Lee, K., Park, W. G. & Choo, K. (2012). Appropriate intellectual property protection and economic growth in countries at different levels of development. Research Policy, 41(2), 358-375.
Kamilia, C. (2020). Intellectual property rights, human capital and Innovation in emerging and developing Countries. Journal of Social Economics Research, 7(1), 35-41.
Karami, T. I. J., Taghavi, M. & Ghaffari, F. (2019). Market capital, intellectual property rights and economic growth of OPEC member countries. A Panel data approach in international Conference of international capital and knowledge management.
Kim, D. H., Lin, S. C. & Suen, Y. B. (2016). Trade, Growth and Growth Volatility: New Panel Evidence, International Review of Economics and Finance, 45, 384-399.
Krueger, A. O. (1978). Foreign trade regime and economic development: Liberalization attempts and consequences. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
Lawal, E. O. & Kamtochukwu, E. (2017). International trade and Economic growth in Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 22(6), 35-43.
Maskus, K. E. (2000), Intellectual Property Rights and Economic Development, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, 32(3), 471-506.
Maskus, K. E. & Penubarti, M. (1995). How Trade-related are Intellectual Property Rights? Journal of International Economics, 39, 227-248.
Muhammad, M. Y. & Benedict, N. A. (2014). The Impact of International Trade on Economic Growth in Nigeria. European Journal of Business, Economics and Accounting, 3(6), 26-36.
Musila, J. W. & Yiheyis, Z. (2015). The impact of trade openness on growth: the case of Kenya. Journal of Policy Model, 37, 342-354.
Oh, W. & Lee, K (2004). A causal relationship between energy consumption and GDP Revisited: The case of Korea 1970-1999. Energy Economics, 26(1), 51-59.
Park, W. & Ginarte, J. C. (1997). Intellectual Property Rights and Economic Growth. Contemporary Economic Policy, 15(3), 51-61.
Plasmans, J. E. J. & Tan, J. (2004). Intellectual property rights and international trade with China. Operation Research Center, Tilburg University, Dept. of Econometrics and Operations, pp. 1-19.
Polat, A., Shahbaz, M., Rehman, I. U. & Satti, S. L. (2015). Revisiting linkages between financial development, trade openness and economic growth in South Africa: Fresh evidence from combined cointegration test. Quality and quantity, 49, 785-803.
PWC (2020). Impact of intellectual property infringements on businesses and the Nigerian economy. https://www.pwc.com/ng/en/publications/intellectual-property-infringement-and-the-nigerian-economy.html
Rapp, R. T. & Rozek, R. P. (1990). Benefits and Costs of Intellectual Property Protection in Developing Countries. Journal of World Trade, 24(5), 75-102.
Rigobon, R. & Rodrik, D. (2004). Rule of Law, Democracy, Openness, and Income: Estimating the Interrelationships. NBER Working Papers, 13(3), 533-564.
Rivera-Batiz, L. & Romer, P. (1991). International Trade with Endogenous Technological Change. European Economic Review, 35(4), 971-1001.
Rodriguez, F. & Rodrik, D. (2000). Trade Policy and Economic Growth: A Skeptic’s Guide to Cross-National Evidence. NBER Working Paper No. 7081.
Romer, P. M. (1990). Endogenous technological change. Journal of Political Economics, 98(5), 71-102.
Schumpeter, J. A. (1912). The Theory of Economic Development, Stanford University Press, 1969 (Reprint).
Shin, W., Lee, K. & Park, W. G. (2016). When an Importer’s Protection of IPR Interacts with an Exporter’s Level of Technology: Comparing the Impacts on the Exports of the North and South. The World Economy 39(6), 772-802.
Smith, P. (1999). Are Weak Patent Rights a Barrier to U.S. Exports? Journal of International Economics, 12, 125-145.
Thompson, M. A. & Rushing, F. W. (1999). An Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Patent Protection on Economic Growth: An Extension. Journal of Economic Development, 24(1), 67-76.
Ulaşan, B. (2015). Trade openness and economic growth: Panel evidence. Applied Economics Letter, 22(2), 163-167.
Vamvakidis, A. (2002). How Robust is the Growth-Openness Connection? Historical Evidence. Journal of Economic Growth, 7(1), 57-80.
Vlastou, I. (2010). Forcing Africa to open up to trade: Is it worth it? The Journal of Developing Areas, 44(1), 25-39.
Were, M. (2015). Differential effects of trade on economic growth and investment: A cross-country empirical investigation. Journal of African Trade, 2(1-2), 71-85.
Willoughby, K. W. & Mullina, N. (2019). Endogenous innovation, outward-bound international patenting and national economic development. Intellectual Rights: Challenges of the 21st Century: Proceedings of the International Conference (November 14-16, 2019). Tomsk, 2019.S. 165-170.
Yang, G. & Maskus, K. (2009). Intellectual Property Rights and Licensing: An Econometric Investigation. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 137(1), 58-79.
Yanikkaya, H. (2003). Trade Openness and Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Empirical Investigation. Journal of Development Economics, 72(1), 57-89.
Yıldırım, D. Ç. & Arun, K. (2019). Effects of Economic Clusters, FDI and R&D on Innovation: Developing Countries in European Monetary Union Example. International Journal of Innovation, 7(2), 236-251.
Ahmed, A. D. & Suardi, S. (2009). Macroeconomic volatility, trade and financial liberalization in Africa. World Development, 37(10), 1623-1636.
Almeida, R. & Fernandes, A. M. (2008). Openness and innovations in developing countries: Evidence from firm-level surveys. The Journal of Development Studies, 44(5), 701-727.
Anwer, M. S. & Sampath, R. K. (1999). Investment and Economic Growth. Presented at Western Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting, July 11-14, 1999, Fargo, ND.
Arrow, K. (1962). Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Responses for Innovation. The Rate and Direction of Innovative Activity: Economics and Social Factors. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2(1), 1-24.
Awokuse, T. O. & Yin, H. (2010). Does Stronger Intellectual Property Rights Protection Induce More Bilateral Trade? Evidence from China's Imports, World Development, 38(8), 1094-1104.
Azeez, B. A., Dada, S. O. & Aluko, O. A. (2014). Effect of International Trade on Nigerian Economic Growth: The 21St-century Experience. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 2(11), 21-34.
Babatunde, M. A. (2017). Are Exports and Imports Cointegrated? Evidence from Nigeria. Journal of International and Global Economic Studies, 7(2), 45-67.
Baldwin, R. E., Braconier, H. & Forslid, R. (2003) Multinationals, endogenous growth, and technological spillovers: theory and evidence. Review of International Economics, 13(5), 945-963.
Betul, G. (2020). The effect of foreign trade on innovation. The Case of BRICS-T Countries. International Journal of Social, Humanities and Administrative Sciences, 6(27), 819-830.
Brueckner, M. & Lederman, D. (2015). Trade openness and economic growth: Panel data evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa. Economica, 82, 1302-1323.
Canh, N. P., Binh, N. T., Thanh, S. D. & Schinckus, C. (2019). Determinants of foreign direct investment inflows: The role of economic policy uncertainty. International Economics.
Chang, R., Kaltani, L. & Loayza, N. V. (2008). Openness can be useful for growth: The role of policy complementarities. Journal of Development Economics, 90(1), 33-49.
Checherita, C. & Rother, P. (2010). The Impact of High and Growing Government Debt on Economic Growth an Empirical Investigation for the Euro Area. ECB Working Paper Series.
Chen, Y., & Puttitanun, T. (2005), Intellectual Property Rights and Innovation in Developing Countries. Journal of Development Economics, 78(2), 474-493.
Chude, N. P. & Chude, D. I. (2013). Impact of Government Expenditure on Economic Growth in Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Management Review, 1(4), 64-71.
Coe, D. T. & Helpman, E. (1995). International R&D spillovers. European Economic Review, 39(5), 859-887.
Delgado, M., Kyle, M. & McGahan, A. M. (2014). Intellectual property protection and the geography of trade. The Journal of Industrial Economics, 61(3), 733-762.
De Soto, H. (1990). The Other Path: The Invisible Revolution in the Third World. New York, NY: Basic Books.
De Soto, H. (2000). The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Dollar, D. & Kraay, A., (2004). Trade, growth and poverty. The Economic Journal, 114 (493), 22-44.
Edwards, S. (1993). Openness, Trade Liberalization, and Growth in Developing Countries Journal of Economic Literature, 31(2), 1358-1393.
Engle, R. F. & Granger, C. W. (1987). Co-integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation and Testing. Econometrica, 55, 251-276.
Fenira, M. (2015). Trade openness and growth in developing countries: An analysis of the relationship after comparing trade indicators. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 5(3), 468-482.
Ferrantino, M. J. (1993). The Effect of Intellectual Property Rights on International Trade and Investment, Weltwirtschaftliches Archive, 129, 300-331.
Filippetti, A. & Archibugi, D. (2015). The Globalization of Intellectual Property Rights. The Global Handbook of Science, Technology and Innovation, Wiley: Oxford.
Fink, C. & Primo Braga, C. A. (2005). How Stronger Protection of Intellectual Property Rights Affects International Trade Flows, in C. Fink and K. Maskus, eds., Intellectual Property and Development: Lessons from Recent Economic Research. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Flores, L. G. & Perez, J. F (2019). Factors which stimulates innovation activity in Latin America: A VECM approach. Economia, 19(61), 373-403.
Frankel, J. N. & Romer, D. (1999). Does trade cause growth? American Economics Reviews, 89, 379-399.
Freund, C. & Bolaky, B. (2008). Trade, regulations, and income. Journal of Development Economics, 87, 309-321.
Gokal, V. & Hanif, S. (2004). Relationship between Inflation and Economic Growth. Working Paper 2004/04, Reserve Bank of Fiji.
Gould, D. & Gruben, W. (1996). The Role of Intellectual Property Rights in Economic Growth. Journal of Development Economics, 48(2), 323-350.
Gozgor, G. & Can, M. (2016). Does export product quality matters for Co2 Emissions? Evidence from China. MPRA Paper 71873, University Library of Munich, Germany.
Gries, T. & Redlin, M. (2012). Trade Openness and Economic growth: A Panel Causality Analysis.
Grossman, G. & Helpman, E. (1991). Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
Hye, Q. M. A. & Lau, W. Y. (2015). Trade openness and economic growth: empirical evidence from India. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 16(1), 188-205.
Hwang, H., Wu, J. Z. & Yu, E. S. H. (2016). Innovation, Imitation and Intellectual Property Rights in Developing Countries, Review of Development Economics, 20(1), 138-151.
Ivus, O. (2010). Do stronger patent rights raise high-tech exports to the developing world? Journal of International Economics, 81, 38-47.
Isaac, M. & Ibrahim, K. R. (2019). The effect of international trade flows on economic growth of Uganda. Journal of Developing Areas, 38(2), 78-93.
Johansen, S (1991). Estimation and Hypothesis Testing of Cointegration Vectors in Gaussian Vector Autoregressive Models. Econometrica, 59(6), 1551-1580.
Kim, Y. K., Lee, K., Park, W. G. & Choo, K. (2012). Appropriate intellectual property protection and economic growth in countries at different levels of development. Research Policy, 41(2), 358-375.
Kamilia, C. (2020). Intellectual property rights, human capital and Innovation in emerging and developing Countries. Journal of Social Economics Research, 7(1), 35-41.
Karami, T. I. J., Taghavi, M. & Ghaffari, F. (2019). Market capital, intellectual property rights and economic growth of OPEC member countries. A Panel data approach in international Conference of international capital and knowledge management.
Kim, D. H., Lin, S. C. & Suen, Y. B. (2016). Trade, Growth and Growth Volatility: New Panel Evidence, International Review of Economics and Finance, 45, 384-399.
Krueger, A. O. (1978). Foreign trade regime and economic development: Liberalization attempts and consequences. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
Lawal, E. O. & Kamtochukwu, E. (2017). International trade and Economic growth in Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 22(6), 35-43.
Maskus, K. E. (2000), Intellectual Property Rights and Economic Development, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, 32(3), 471-506.
Maskus, K. E. & Penubarti, M. (1995). How Trade-related are Intellectual Property Rights? Journal of International Economics, 39, 227-248.
Muhammad, M. Y. & Benedict, N. A. (2014). The Impact of International Trade on Economic Growth in Nigeria. European Journal of Business, Economics and Accounting, 3(6), 26-36.
Musila, J. W. & Yiheyis, Z. (2015). The impact of trade openness on growth: the case of Kenya. Journal of Policy Model, 37, 342-354.
Oh, W. & Lee, K (2004). A causal relationship between energy consumption and GDP Revisited: The case of Korea 1970-1999. Energy Economics, 26(1), 51-59.
Park, W. & Ginarte, J. C. (1997). Intellectual Property Rights and Economic Growth. Contemporary Economic Policy, 15(3), 51-61.
Plasmans, J. E. J. & Tan, J. (2004). Intellectual property rights and international trade with China. Operation Research Center, Tilburg University, Dept. of Econometrics and Operations, pp. 1-19.
Polat, A., Shahbaz, M., Rehman, I. U. & Satti, S. L. (2015). Revisiting linkages between financial development, trade openness and economic growth in South Africa: Fresh evidence from combined cointegration test. Quality and quantity, 49, 785-803.
PWC (2020). Impact of intellectual property infringements on businesses and the Nigerian economy. https://www.pwc.com/ng/en/publications/intellectual-property-infringement-and-the-nigerian-economy.html
Rapp, R. T. & Rozek, R. P. (1990). Benefits and Costs of Intellectual Property Protection in Developing Countries. Journal of World Trade, 24(5), 75-102.
Rigobon, R. & Rodrik, D. (2004). Rule of Law, Democracy, Openness, and Income: Estimating the Interrelationships. NBER Working Papers, 13(3), 533-564.
Rivera-Batiz, L. & Romer, P. (1991). International Trade with Endogenous Technological Change. European Economic Review, 35(4), 971-1001.
Rodriguez, F. & Rodrik, D. (2000). Trade Policy and Economic Growth: A Skeptic’s Guide to Cross-National Evidence. NBER Working Paper No. 7081.
Romer, P. M. (1990). Endogenous technological change. Journal of Political Economics, 98(5), 71-102.
Schumpeter, J. A. (1912). The Theory of Economic Development, Stanford University Press, 1969 (Reprint).
Shin, W., Lee, K. & Park, W. G. (2016). When an Importer’s Protection of IPR Interacts with an Exporter’s Level of Technology: Comparing the Impacts on the Exports of the North and South. The World Economy 39(6), 772-802.
Smith, P. (1999). Are Weak Patent Rights a Barrier to U.S. Exports? Journal of International Economics, 12, 125-145.
Thompson, M. A. & Rushing, F. W. (1999). An Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Patent Protection on Economic Growth: An Extension. Journal of Economic Development, 24(1), 67-76.
Ulaşan, B. (2015). Trade openness and economic growth: Panel evidence. Applied Economics Letter, 22(2), 163-167.
Vamvakidis, A. (2002). How Robust is the Growth-Openness Connection? Historical Evidence. Journal of Economic Growth, 7(1), 57-80.
Vlastou, I. (2010). Forcing Africa to open up to trade: Is it worth it? The Journal of Developing Areas, 44(1), 25-39.
Were, M. (2015). Differential effects of trade on economic growth and investment: A cross-country empirical investigation. Journal of African Trade, 2(1-2), 71-85.
Willoughby, K. W. & Mullina, N. (2019). Endogenous innovation, outward-bound international patenting and national economic development. Intellectual Rights: Challenges of the 21st Century: Proceedings of the International Conference (November 14-16, 2019). Tomsk, 2019.S. 165-170.
Yang, G. & Maskus, K. (2009). Intellectual Property Rights and Licensing: An Econometric Investigation. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 137(1), 58-79.
Yanikkaya, H. (2003). Trade Openness and Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Empirical Investigation. Journal of Development Economics, 72(1), 57-89.
Yıldırım, D. Ç. & Arun, K. (2019). Effects of Economic Clusters, FDI and R&D on Innovation: Developing Countries in European Monetary Union Example. International Journal of Innovation, 7(2), 236-251.
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2020-10-04
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INTERNATIONAL TRADE, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA: IS THERE ANY LINK? (D. Amassoma, M. I. Ogbuagu, & F. E. Niniola , Trans.). (2020). Journal of Business And Entrepreneurship, 8(2), 1-25. https://ojs.sampoernauniversity.ac.id/index.php/JOBE/article/view/117
