CAPACITY BUILDING AND WOMEN-OWNED SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES' (SMEs) PERFORMANCE: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM SOUTHWEST, NIGERIA
Keywords:
capacity building, networking, social inclusion, financial inclusion, entrepreneurial orientationAbstract
Women entrepreneurs play a key role in national economies around the world, generate employment and value-added, and contributing to innovation. However, they have been marginalized, culturally excluded from having access to finance, networking, and social progress. This study, therefore, looks at the influence of capacity building on women-owned SMEs’ execution. Particularly, the study determines the influence of financial inclusion strategy, social inclusion strategy, entrepreneurial orientation strategy, and networking skills strategy on women-owned SMEs’ performance. The study adopts a quantitative methodology, and a structured questionnaire that contains an overwhelmingly closed-ended questionnaire was utilized to gather information for analysis purposes. Judgmental sampling procedures were utilized for information assortment, which is known as a nonprobability sampling procedure. Two hundred and twenty (220) questionnaires were recuperated out of three hundred (300) questionnaires dispersed, giving a recovery rate of 73.3%. Analysis of data was done via frequencies, percentages, correlation analysis, and ordinary least square. The results of the investigation reveal that capacity building components are major predictors of women-owned SMEs’ performance. The study also confirms that the capacity building of women entrepreneurs in SMEs through an array of skills in financing, culture re-orientation, risk-taking, and networking are strong predictors of women-owned SMEs’ performance. This development indicates that if women who represent virtually half of the Federal Republic of Nigeria population exploit their full potentials and remodel Nigeria from a developing country into an industrial nation by 2030, they must give the most extreme inclination to capacity building.
References
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Alvarez, S. A. & Busenitz, L. W. (2001). The Entrepreneurship of Resource-based Theory. Journal of Management, 27, 755-775.
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Avani, T. (2016). Financial Inclusion and MSME Sector. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Research (IJECR), 6, 50-65.
Barney, J. (1991). Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management, 17, 99-120.
Batool, H. (2012). How does the Social Networking Affect New Entrepreneurial Ventures in UAE? International Conference on Technology and Business Management, March 26-28, 2012.
Beck, T. & Honohan, P. (2009). Access to Financial Services Measurement, Impact and Policies. World Bank Research Observer 24(1), 119-145.
Bruhn, M. & McKenzie, D. (2013). Entry Regulation and Formalization of Microenterprises in Developing Countries. Policy Research Working Paper (Vol. 6507). Washington, DC: World Bank.
Brusha, G. C. & Cooper. Y. S. (2012). Female Entrepreneurship and Economic Development: An International Perspective. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 24(1/2), 1-6.
Callaghan, B. A. & Lenihan, H. (2008). Networking: A Question of Firm Characteristics? The Case of the Shannon Region in Ireland. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 20(6), 561-580.
Chege, S. M. (2013). Influence of Capacity Building on Financial Performance and Growth of Women Owned Small and Medium Enterprises in Gikomba Market, Nairobi County, Kenya. Master’s Thesis of University of Nairobi.
Cheston, S. & Kuhn, L. (2009). Empowering Women through Microfinance. A Case Study of Sinapi Aba Trust, Ghana. USA: Opportunity International.
Clark, H. (2013). Financial Inclusion and HIV/AIDS: Some Issues for Consideration for the Workshop on Micro-Finance and HIV/AIDS. Journal of Parker, 2(3), 23-26.
Covin, J. G., Slevin, D. P., & Schultz, R. L. (1994). Implementing strategic missions: Effective strategic, structural, and tactical choices. Journal of Management Studies, 31(4), 481-503.
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Davidson, P. & Honing, B. (2003). The Role of Social and Human Capital among Nascent Entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 18, 301-331.
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Fadeyibi I. O. & Sajuyigbe, A. S. (2019). Leadership Styles, Entrepreneurial Orientation and Business Performance: Empirical Investigation of Small and Medium Enterprises in Osun State, Nigeria. Socialsci Journal, 5, 16-25.
Falola, A., Fakayode, S. B., Kayode, A. O., & Amusa, M. A. (2020). Rural Women in Kwara State (Nigeria) and their Contributions to the Welfare of their Households. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 21(6), 170-183.
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Idawati, A. M. & Gufran D. D. (2016). Effectiveness of Training Model Capacity Building for Entrepreneurship Women Based Empowerment Community. International Education Studies, 9(11), 142-161.
Ikharehon, J. I. (2007). Capacity Building for National Sustainable Development: The Nigerian Experience. Journal of Social Sciences, 15(1), 25-29.
Isgogo, M. M. (2014). Investment Expenditure in Human Capacity Building: An Impetus for Sustainable Development in Africa. Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences, 5(7), 62-66.
Garang, J. A. (2014). The Financial sector and inclusive Development in Africa: Essays on Access to Finance for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in South Sudan and Kenya. PhD Thesis of University of Massachusetts.
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (2005). Global Report on High-Growth Entrepreneurship. Babson College, Babson Park, MA London Business School, London, UK.
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (2018). GEM Women’s Entrepreneurship Report 2018/2019.
Godwin, C. O. (2011). Financial Inclusion and Financial Stability: A Toda-Yamamoto Causality Approach. ABSU Journal of Arts, Management, Education, Law and Social Sciences, 1(1), 86-100.
Groot, R. & van der Molen, P. (2000). Workshop on capacity building in land administration for developing countries: Held at ITC Enschede. The Netherlands, 12-15 November 2000.
Gul, A., Akbar, S., & Jan, Z. (2012). Role of capacity development, employee empowerment and promotion on employee retention in the banking sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2, 284-300.
Ibeachu, E. H. (2010). Comparative Analysis of Financial Inclusion: A Study of Nigeria and the United Kingdom. Unpublished MBA Thesis, Leeds Metropolitan University.
Jitnom, S. & Ussahawanitchakit, P. (2009). Effects of entrepreneurial capacity on business stability of SMEs in Thailand. Journal of International Business and Economics, 9(3), 1-18.
Kariuki, J. & Iravo, M. (2015). Perceived Role of Business Networking on The Performance of Women Owned Enterprises in Kenya: A Case Study of Kenya Association of Women Business Owners. Journal of Management, 2(15), 268-290.
MacGregor, R. C. (2004). Factors associated with formal networking in regional small business: some findings from a study of Swedish SMEs. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 11(1), 60-74.
Mallon, M., Ryan, L. K., & Stephen, E. L. (2015). Configurations of human, social, and financial capital as predictors of new family firm success. In Academy of Management Proceedings. Briarcliff Manor: Academy of Management, p. 12778.
Manandhar, M. D. (2008). Policy debates on social inclusion programme - Concept note. Retrieved from http://www.socialinclusion.org.np
Mitchell, A. & Shillington, R. (2002). Perspectives on social inclusion: Poverty, inequality and social inclusion. Ontario: The Laidlaw Foundation.
Mukwevho, E. A. (2015). Capacity Building as a Means to Enhance Effective Service Delivery in the Public Service: A case of Vhembe District Municipality. PhD Thesis of University of Fort Hare.
Naldi, L., Nordqvist, M., Sjöberg, K., & Wiklund, J. (2007). Entrepreneurial orientation, risk taking, and performance in family firms. Family Business Review, 20(1), 33-47.
NASTAD (2012). The President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). Capacity Building and Strengthening Framework FY 2012 (version 2.0). Retrieved from
https://www.nastad.org/sites/default/files/resources/docs/PEPFAR-Capacity-Building-Strengthening-Framework.pdf
Nwoye, M. (2007). Gender Responsive Entrepreneurial Economy of Nigeria: Enabling Women in a Disabling Environment. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 9(1), 167-177.
Odetayo, T. A. (2016). Significance of Microfinance Banks in Financing Small Scale Enterprises in Selected Local Government Areas of Osun State Nigeria. Journal of Accounting and Finance Management, 2(3), 12-22.
Ojokuku, R. M. & Adegbite, T. A. (2014). Impact of capacity building and manpower development on staff performance in selected organisations in Nigeria. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 2(5), 1-9.
Oke, D. F. (2013). The Effect of Social Network on Women Entrepreneurs in Nigeria: A Case Study of Ado-Ekiti Small Scale Enterprise. International Journal of Education and Research, 1(11), 1-14.
Onaolapo, A. A. & Odetayo, T. A. (2012). Financial Inclusion and Microfinance Banks in Nigerian. American Journal of Business and Management, 1(4), 241-247.
Paudyal, L. (2013). Being a Woman Teacher In Nepal: Experiences Of Social Exclusion And Inclusion. PhD Thesis of Kathmandu University, Nepal.
Rajabifard, A. & Williamson, I. P. (2004). SDI development and capacity building. Retrieved from http://csdila.unimelb.edu
Pallavi, G. & Bharti, S. (2013). Role of Literacy Level in Financial Inclusion in India: Empirical Evidence. Journal of Economics, Business and Management, 1(3), 272-276.
Sajuyigbe, A. S. (2017). Influence of Financial Inclusion and Social Inclusion on the Performance of Women-owned Businesses In Lagos State, Nigeria. Scholedge International Journal of Management & Development, 4(3), 18-27.
Sajuyigbe, A. S. & Fadeyibi, I. O. (2017). Women Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Economic Development: Evidence from South Western Nigeria. Journal of Entrepreneurship, Business and Economics, 5(2), 19-46.
Seel, A. (2007). Social Inclusion: Gender and Equity in Education SWAPS in South Asia. Kathmandu, Nepal: United Nations Children’s Fund, Regional Office for South Asia.
Sila, K., Joyce, K., Ambrose, K., & Chepkwony, P. K. (2015). Moderating effect of social networking on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and performance of small and medium enterprise in Nakuru County, Kenya. European Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship Research, 3(2), 38-52.
Soniya, W. (2012). Gender and Social Exclusion/Inclusion: A Study of Indigenous Women in Bangladesh. PhD Thesis of University of Birmingham.
Stephen, M. & Sibert, C. (2014). The Impact of Mobile Banking on Financial Inclusion in Zimbabwe: A Case for Masvingo Province. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(9), 221-230.
Tata, J. & Prasad, S. (2015). Immigrant family businesses: social capital, network benefits and business performance. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 21, 842-66.
UNDP (1994). Report on the Consultative Meeting on Training in Integrated Management of Coastal and Marine Areas for Sustainable Development. Sassari, Sardinia, Italy, 21-23 June, 1993.
Wakahiu, J. & Keller, D. (2011). Capacity Building: A Phenomenological Study of the African Women Perceptions and Experiences in the Leadership Training Program. Advancing Women in Leadership, 31, 125-135.
Welsh, D. H., Memili, E., Kaciak, E., & Ahmed, S. (2013). Sudanese Women Entrepreneurs. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 18(2), 13-25.
Woldie, A. & Adersua, A. (2004). Female Entrepreneurs in Transitional Economy: Business Women in Nigeria. International Journal of Social Economics, 31(1), 78-93.
World Bank (2012). World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development.
World Bank (2013). Women’s Role in Afghanistan’s Future-taking Stock of Achievements and Continued. The World Bank, Washington DC, Report no. ACS4474.
World Economic Forum (2018). 104 countries have laws that prevent women from working in some jobs. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/08/104-countries-have-laws-that-prevent-women-from-working-in-some-jobs/
Akpodono, O. S. (2016). Female Entrepreneurship and Economic Development in South-East, Nigeria. PhD Thesis of University of Nigeria.
Alese, A. D. (2013). Capacity Building and Skill Development among Female Entrepreneurs in Ido Zone, Nigeria: Implication for Adult Education. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(11), 680-685.
Alvarez, S. A. & Busenitz, L. W. (2001). The Entrepreneurship of Resource-based Theory. Journal of Management, 27, 755-775.
Amuchie A. A. & Asotibe, N. P. (2015). Stimulating Women Potentials through Entrepreneurship for National Development in Nigeria. Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development, 8, 89-94.
Anwar, M., Atiq, U. R, & Syed, Z. A. (2018). Networking and New Venture’s Performance: Mediating Role of Competitive Advantage. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 13, 998-1025.
Avani, T. (2016). Financial Inclusion and MSME Sector. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Research (IJECR), 6, 50-65.
Barney, J. (1991). Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management, 17, 99-120.
Batool, H. (2012). How does the Social Networking Affect New Entrepreneurial Ventures in UAE? International Conference on Technology and Business Management, March 26-28, 2012.
Beck, T. & Honohan, P. (2009). Access to Financial Services Measurement, Impact and Policies. World Bank Research Observer 24(1), 119-145.
Bruhn, M. & McKenzie, D. (2013). Entry Regulation and Formalization of Microenterprises in Developing Countries. Policy Research Working Paper (Vol. 6507). Washington, DC: World Bank.
Brusha, G. C. & Cooper. Y. S. (2012). Female Entrepreneurship and Economic Development: An International Perspective. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 24(1/2), 1-6.
Callaghan, B. A. & Lenihan, H. (2008). Networking: A Question of Firm Characteristics? The Case of the Shannon Region in Ireland. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 20(6), 561-580.
Chege, S. M. (2013). Influence of Capacity Building on Financial Performance and Growth of Women Owned Small and Medium Enterprises in Gikomba Market, Nairobi County, Kenya. Master’s Thesis of University of Nairobi.
Cheston, S. & Kuhn, L. (2009). Empowering Women through Microfinance. A Case Study of Sinapi Aba Trust, Ghana. USA: Opportunity International.
Clark, H. (2013). Financial Inclusion and HIV/AIDS: Some Issues for Consideration for the Workshop on Micro-Finance and HIV/AIDS. Journal of Parker, 2(3), 23-26.
Covin, J. G., Slevin, D. P., & Schultz, R. L. (1994). Implementing strategic missions: Effective strategic, structural, and tactical choices. Journal of Management Studies, 31(4), 481-503.
Damaris, M. G. (2018). The Role of Women Groups in Women Economic Empowerment: A Study of Selected Women Groups in Magutu Division, Nyeri County, Kenya. Master’s Thesis of Kenyatta University.
Davidson, P. & Honing, B. (2003). The Role of Social and Human Capital among Nascent Entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 18, 301-331.
Eniola, A. A. (2020). Cultural Identity and Entrepreneurial Performance, in Ratten, V. (Ed.) Entrepreneurship as Empowerment: Knowledge Spillovers and Entrepreneurial Ecosystems, Emerald Publishing Limited, pp. 23-44.
Fadeyibi I. O. & Sajuyigbe, A. S. (2019). Leadership Styles, Entrepreneurial Orientation and Business Performance: Empirical Investigation of Small and Medium Enterprises in Osun State, Nigeria. Socialsci Journal, 5, 16-25.
Falola, A., Fakayode, S. B., Kayode, A. O., & Amusa, M. A. (2020). Rural Women in Kwara State (Nigeria) and their Contributions to the Welfare of their Households. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 21(6), 170-183.
Fredrick, K. B., Loice, C. K., & Omwono, G. A. (2018). Relationship Between Entrepreneurial Orientation And Performance Of Small And Medium Women Owned Enterprises In Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. International Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship Research, 6(1), 57-79.
Fullan, M. (2001). The New Meaning of Educational Change. New York, NY: Routledge.
Idawati, A. M. & Gufran D. D. (2016). Effectiveness of Training Model Capacity Building for Entrepreneurship Women Based Empowerment Community. International Education Studies, 9(11), 142-161.
Ikharehon, J. I. (2007). Capacity Building for National Sustainable Development: The Nigerian Experience. Journal of Social Sciences, 15(1), 25-29.
Isgogo, M. M. (2014). Investment Expenditure in Human Capacity Building: An Impetus for Sustainable Development in Africa. Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences, 5(7), 62-66.
Garang, J. A. (2014). The Financial sector and inclusive Development in Africa: Essays on Access to Finance for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in South Sudan and Kenya. PhD Thesis of University of Massachusetts.
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (2005). Global Report on High-Growth Entrepreneurship. Babson College, Babson Park, MA London Business School, London, UK.
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (2018). GEM Women’s Entrepreneurship Report 2018/2019.
Godwin, C. O. (2011). Financial Inclusion and Financial Stability: A Toda-Yamamoto Causality Approach. ABSU Journal of Arts, Management, Education, Law and Social Sciences, 1(1), 86-100.
Groot, R. & van der Molen, P. (2000). Workshop on capacity building in land administration for developing countries: Held at ITC Enschede. The Netherlands, 12-15 November 2000.
Gul, A., Akbar, S., & Jan, Z. (2012). Role of capacity development, employee empowerment and promotion on employee retention in the banking sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2, 284-300.
Ibeachu, E. H. (2010). Comparative Analysis of Financial Inclusion: A Study of Nigeria and the United Kingdom. Unpublished MBA Thesis, Leeds Metropolitan University.
Jitnom, S. & Ussahawanitchakit, P. (2009). Effects of entrepreneurial capacity on business stability of SMEs in Thailand. Journal of International Business and Economics, 9(3), 1-18.
Kariuki, J. & Iravo, M. (2015). Perceived Role of Business Networking on The Performance of Women Owned Enterprises in Kenya: A Case Study of Kenya Association of Women Business Owners. Journal of Management, 2(15), 268-290.
MacGregor, R. C. (2004). Factors associated with formal networking in regional small business: some findings from a study of Swedish SMEs. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 11(1), 60-74.
Mallon, M., Ryan, L. K., & Stephen, E. L. (2015). Configurations of human, social, and financial capital as predictors of new family firm success. In Academy of Management Proceedings. Briarcliff Manor: Academy of Management, p. 12778.
Manandhar, M. D. (2008). Policy debates on social inclusion programme - Concept note. Retrieved from http://www.socialinclusion.org.np
Mitchell, A. & Shillington, R. (2002). Perspectives on social inclusion: Poverty, inequality and social inclusion. Ontario: The Laidlaw Foundation.
Mukwevho, E. A. (2015). Capacity Building as a Means to Enhance Effective Service Delivery in the Public Service: A case of Vhembe District Municipality. PhD Thesis of University of Fort Hare.
Naldi, L., Nordqvist, M., Sjöberg, K., & Wiklund, J. (2007). Entrepreneurial orientation, risk taking, and performance in family firms. Family Business Review, 20(1), 33-47.
NASTAD (2012). The President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). Capacity Building and Strengthening Framework FY 2012 (version 2.0). Retrieved from
https://www.nastad.org/sites/default/files/resources/docs/PEPFAR-Capacity-Building-Strengthening-Framework.pdf
Nwoye, M. (2007). Gender Responsive Entrepreneurial Economy of Nigeria: Enabling Women in a Disabling Environment. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 9(1), 167-177.
Odetayo, T. A. (2016). Significance of Microfinance Banks in Financing Small Scale Enterprises in Selected Local Government Areas of Osun State Nigeria. Journal of Accounting and Finance Management, 2(3), 12-22.
Ojokuku, R. M. & Adegbite, T. A. (2014). Impact of capacity building and manpower development on staff performance in selected organisations in Nigeria. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 2(5), 1-9.
Oke, D. F. (2013). The Effect of Social Network on Women Entrepreneurs in Nigeria: A Case Study of Ado-Ekiti Small Scale Enterprise. International Journal of Education and Research, 1(11), 1-14.
Onaolapo, A. A. & Odetayo, T. A. (2012). Financial Inclusion and Microfinance Banks in Nigerian. American Journal of Business and Management, 1(4), 241-247.
Paudyal, L. (2013). Being a Woman Teacher In Nepal: Experiences Of Social Exclusion And Inclusion. PhD Thesis of Kathmandu University, Nepal.
Rajabifard, A. & Williamson, I. P. (2004). SDI development and capacity building. Retrieved from http://csdila.unimelb.edu
Pallavi, G. & Bharti, S. (2013). Role of Literacy Level in Financial Inclusion in India: Empirical Evidence. Journal of Economics, Business and Management, 1(3), 272-276.
Sajuyigbe, A. S. (2017). Influence of Financial Inclusion and Social Inclusion on the Performance of Women-owned Businesses In Lagos State, Nigeria. Scholedge International Journal of Management & Development, 4(3), 18-27.
Sajuyigbe, A. S. & Fadeyibi, I. O. (2017). Women Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Economic Development: Evidence from South Western Nigeria. Journal of Entrepreneurship, Business and Economics, 5(2), 19-46.
Seel, A. (2007). Social Inclusion: Gender and Equity in Education SWAPS in South Asia. Kathmandu, Nepal: United Nations Children’s Fund, Regional Office for South Asia.
Sila, K., Joyce, K., Ambrose, K., & Chepkwony, P. K. (2015). Moderating effect of social networking on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and performance of small and medium enterprise in Nakuru County, Kenya. European Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship Research, 3(2), 38-52.
Soniya, W. (2012). Gender and Social Exclusion/Inclusion: A Study of Indigenous Women in Bangladesh. PhD Thesis of University of Birmingham.
Stephen, M. & Sibert, C. (2014). The Impact of Mobile Banking on Financial Inclusion in Zimbabwe: A Case for Masvingo Province. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(9), 221-230.
Tata, J. & Prasad, S. (2015). Immigrant family businesses: social capital, network benefits and business performance. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 21, 842-66.
UNDP (1994). Report on the Consultative Meeting on Training in Integrated Management of Coastal and Marine Areas for Sustainable Development. Sassari, Sardinia, Italy, 21-23 June, 1993.
Wakahiu, J. & Keller, D. (2011). Capacity Building: A Phenomenological Study of the African Women Perceptions and Experiences in the Leadership Training Program. Advancing Women in Leadership, 31, 125-135.
Welsh, D. H., Memili, E., Kaciak, E., & Ahmed, S. (2013). Sudanese Women Entrepreneurs. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 18(2), 13-25.
Woldie, A. & Adersua, A. (2004). Female Entrepreneurs in Transitional Economy: Business Women in Nigeria. International Journal of Social Economics, 31(1), 78-93.
World Bank (2012). World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development.
World Bank (2013). Women’s Role in Afghanistan’s Future-taking Stock of Achievements and Continued. The World Bank, Washington DC, Report no. ACS4474.
World Economic Forum (2018). 104 countries have laws that prevent women from working in some jobs. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/08/104-countries-have-laws-that-prevent-women-from-working-in-some-jobs/
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2021-02-24
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CAPACITY BUILDING AND WOMEN-OWNED SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES’ (SMEs) PERFORMANCE: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM SOUTHWEST, NIGERIA (A. S. Sajuyigbe, A. A. Eniola, A. Ayeni, & D. A. Oladejo , Trans.). (2021). Journal of Business And Entrepreneurship, 9(1), 12-26. https://ojs.sampoernauniversity.ac.id/index.php/JOBE/article/view/132
