INFLUENCE OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) ON EMPLOYEES' WORK MOTIVATION: A DEVELOPING COUNTRY PERSPECTIVE
Keywords:
Corporate Social Responsibility, Spiritual obligations, employee motivations, AffiliationAbstract
This paper investigates the significance of the employee’s perspective in the context of corporate social responsibility, concerning its implications on employees’ motivation. We contend that our literature lacks an internal perspective beyond CSR’s universally recognized implications on external factors. This study aimed to explore the phenomenon and its internal implications on employees to add new knowledge in this domain and explore a developing country perspective, i.e., Pakistan. Besides, we hope to find a link/association between CSR and human resource management by exploring. So, the research may help HR managers in strategic formulation relating to workforce management, specifically CSR as a tool for employees’ motivation. Based on the McClelland’s framework of motivation – the need for affiliation, achievement, and power as an initial framework – we recognized the influence of CSR within the perspective of achievement and affiliation with no insinuation of power, grounded in our context. Moreover, in our empirical examination based on indepth interviews from Interior Sindh, spiritual obligations and self-actualization as in the purpose of life were two of the most confounding results inferred from our study. Besides, several subthemes emerged in our analysis, highlighting the underpinning process behind our main themes, i.e., how the sense of achievement in our study triggers the sense of loyalty, pride, and happiness among employees. The findings confirm that the main driving force behind organizational CSR is usually based on external factors (e.g., PR effect, government regulation, brand image, tax benefits) with rare emphasis on internal factors (e.g., effect on employees).
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Perspective. Schmalenbach Business Review, 72, 159-191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41464-020-
00089-9
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332. doi:10.1111/iops.12059
Ahmed, I., Nazir, M. S., Ali, I., Nurunnabi, M., Khalid, A., & Shaukat, M. Z. (2020). Investing In CSR
Pays You Back in Many Ways! The Case of Perceptual, Attitudinal and Behavioral Outcomes of
Customers. Sustainability, 12(3), 1158. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12031158
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Giving: An Experimental Investigation. The Accounting Review, 86(6), 1887-1907.
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Spirituality and Ethics in Management. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-1153-2
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personality traits on responses to corporate social responsibility. International Journal of Nonprofit
and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 11(1), 61-72. doi:10.1002/nvsm.38
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South-Western Thomson Learning.
Chan, K. W., Gong, T., Zhang, R., & Zhou, M. (2017). Do Employee Citizenship Behaviors Lead to
Customer Citizenship Behaviors? The Roles of Dual Identification and Service Climate. Journal of
Service Research, 20(3), 259-274. doi:10.1177/1094670517706159
Connors, S., Anderson-MacDonald, S., & Thomson, M. (2015). Overcoming the “Window Dressing”
Effect: Mitigating the Negative Effects of Inherent Skepticism Towards Corporate Social
Responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 145(3), 599-621. doi:10.1007/s10551-015-2858-z
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the age of globalization (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press
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Self-Determination of Behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-
268. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1104_01
Dhanesh, G. S. (2014). CSR as Organization–Employee Relationship Management Strategy.
Management Communication Quarterly, 28(1), 130-149. doi:10.1177/0893318913517238
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and HRM: a comparative study of sustainability reporting practices by the world’s largest
companies. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 27(1), 88-
108. doi:10.1080/09585192.2015.1024157
Freeman, R. E. (1984). Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. Pitman Publishing.
Frey, B. (1997). Not Just for the Money: An Economic Theory of Personal Motivation. Edward Elgar
Publishing.
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589-611. doi:10.1111/1467-6419.00150
Friedman, M. (2007). The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits. In: Zimmerli
W.C., Holzinger M., Richter K. (eds) Corporate Ethics and Corporate Governance. Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70818-6_14
Ghaderi, Z., Mirzapour, M., Henderson, J. C., & Richardson, S. (2019). Corporate social responsibility
and hotel performance: A view from Tehran, Iran. Tourism Management Perspectives, 29, 41-
47. doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2018.10.007
Greenwood, M. (2007). Stakeholder Engagement: Beyond the Myth of Corporate Responsibility.
Journal of Business Ethics, 74(4), 315-327.
Heater, D. B. (1990). Citizenship: The Civic Ideal in World History, Politics, and Education. Longman.
Herrera, J., & de las Heras-Rosas, C. (2020). Corporate Social Responsibility and Human Resource
Management: Towards Sustainable Business Organizations. Sustainability, 12(3),
841. doi:10.3390/su12030841
Herzberg, F. I. (1987). One More Time: How do You Motivate Employees? Retrieved from
https://hbr.org/2003/01/one-more-time-how-do-you-motivate-employees
Hunjra, A. I., Boubaker, S., Arunachalam, M., & Mehmood, A. (2020). How does CSR mediate the
relationship between culture, religiosity and firm performance? Finance Research Letters, 39,
101587. DOI: 10.1016/j.frl.2020.101587
Hur, W.-M., Moon, T.-W., & Ko, S.-H. (2016). How Employees’ Perceptions of CSR Increase
Employee Creativity: Mediating Mechanisms of Compassion at Work and Intrinsic Motivation.
Journal of Business Ethics. doi:10.1007/s10551-016-3321-5
Iglesias, O., Markovic, S., Bagherzadeh, M., & Singh, J. J. (2020). Co-creation: A Key Link Between
Corporate Social Responsibility, Customer Trust, and Customer Loyalty. Journal of Business
Ethics, 163(1), 151-166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-4015-y
Jamali, D., & Sdiani, Y. (2013). Does religiosity determine affinities to CSR? Journal of Management,
Spirituality & Religion, 10(4), 309-323. doi:10.1080/14766086.2013.802251
Järlström, M., Saru, E., & Vanhala, S. (2016). Sustainable Human Resource Management with Salience
of Stakeholders: A Top Management Perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 152, 703-724.
doi:10.1007/s10551-016-3310-8
Kim, S.-Y. & Park, H. (2011). Corporate Social Responsibility as an Organizational Attractiveness for
Prospective Public Relations Practitioners. Journal of Business Ethics, 103, 639-653.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0886-x
Kim, C. H., & Scullion, H. (2011). Exploring the links between corporate social responsibility and
global talent management: a comparative study of the UK and Korea. European Journal of
International Management, 5(5), 501. doi:10.1504/ejim.2011.042176
Kim, C. H., & H. Scullion. 2013. The effect of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on employee
motivation: A cross-national study. Poznań University of Economic Review, 13(2), 5-30.
Klimchak, M., Ward, A.-K., Matthews, M., Robbins, K., & Zhang, H. (2018). When Does What Other
People Think Matter? The Influence of Age on the Motivators of Organizational Identification.
Journal of Business and Psychology, 34(6), 879-891. doi:10.1007/s10869-018-9601-6
Kramar, R. (2014) Beyond strategic human resource management: is sustainable human resource
management the next approach? The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25,
8, 1069-1089, DOI: 10.1080/09585192.2013.816863
Kunz, J. (2020). Corporate Social Responsibility and Employees Motivation—Broadening the
Perspective. Schmalenbach Business Review, 72, 159-191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41464-020-
00089-9
Kuvaas, B., Buch, R., Weibel, A., Dysvik, A., & Nerstad, C. G. L. (2017). Do intrinsic and extrinsic
motivation relate differently to employee outcomes? Journal of Economic Psychology, 61, 244-
258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2017.05.004
Lee, C.-K., Song, H.-J., Lee, H.-M., Lee, S., & Bernhard, B. J. (2013). The impact of CSR on casino
employees’ organizational trust, job satisfaction, and customer orientation: An empirical
examination of responsible gambling strategies. International Journal of Hospitality Management,
33, 406-415. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.10.011
Lee, Y. (2020). Toward a Communality with Employees: The Role of CSR Types and Internal
Reputation. Corporate Reputation Review, 23(1), 13-23. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41299-019-
00069-x
Liu, H. & Lee, H. A. (2019). The effect of corporate social responsibility on earnings management and
tax avoidance in Chinese listed companies. International Journal of Accounting and Information
Management, 27(4), 632-652.
Lockett, A., Moon, J., & Visser, W. (2006). Corporate Social Responsibility in Management Research:
Focus, Nature, Salience and Sources of Influence. Journal of Management Studies, 43(1), 115-
136. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2006.00585.x
Lombardi, R., Manfredi, S., Cuozzo, B., & Palmaccio, M. (2020). The profitable relationship among
corporate social responsibility and human resource management: A new sustainable key factor.
Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 27(6), 2657-
2667. doi:10.1002/csr.1990
Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and Personality. Harper & Row.
Matten, D. & Moon, J. (2008). “Implicit” and “Explicit” CSR: A Conceptual Framework for a
Comparative Understanding of Corporate Social Responsibility. The Academy of Management
Review, 33(2), 404-424. https://doi.org/10.2307/20159405
McClelland, D. C. (1961). The Achieving Society. Van Nostrand.
McWilliams, A., Siegel, D. S., & Wright, P. M. (2006). Corporate Social Responsibility: Strategic
Implications. Journal of Management Studies, 43(1), 1-18. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2006.00580.x
Mirvis, P. (2012). Employee engagement and CSR: Transactional, relational, developmental
approaches. California Management Review, 54, 93-117.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cmr.2012.54.4.93
Mitchell, T. R. & James, L. R. (1989). Conclusions and Future Directions. The Academy of
Management Review, 14(3), 401. doi:10.2307/258175
Mozes, M., Josman, Z., & Yaniv, E. (2011). Corporate social responsibility organizational
identification and motivation. Social Responsibility Journal, 7(2), 310-
325. doi:10.1108/17471111111141558
Nehme, M. N. (2020). CSR and innovation: an integrative role for maintaining sustainability (Doctoral
dissertation, Центральноукраїнський національний технічний університет).
Peck, J. (2008). Supercapitalism: The Transformation of Business, Democracy, and Everyday Life. The
Professional Geographer, 60(4), 580-582. doi:10.1080/00330120802239845
Pinnington, A., Macklin, R., & Campbell, T. (2007). Human Resource Management: Ethics and
Employment. Oxford University Press.
Porter, M. & Kramer, M. R. (2006). Strategy & Society: The Link Between Competitive Advantage
and Corporate Social Responsibility, Harvard Business Review, 84(12), 78-92.
Rahman, Z., Hossain, K., & Hasan, A. (2016). The Critical Factors of Corporate Social Responsibility
(CSR) that Contribute towards Consumer Behavior in the Ready-Made Garments (RMG) Industry
of Bangladesh. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 5(10), 129-138.
Redington, I. (2005). Making CSR Happen: the contribution of people management. In Development,
C. I. O. P. A. (Ed.) The Virtuous Circle. London, Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development
Rodrigo, P. & Arenas, D. (2008). Do Employees Care About CSR Programs? A Typology of Employees
According to their Attitudes. Journal of Business Ethics, 83, 265-283.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9618-7
Rogers, B. (2013). Too many feelings and not enough facts in CSR strategy. Retrieved from
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2021-04-19
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INFLUENCE OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) ON EMPLOYEES’ WORK MOTIVATION: A DEVELOPING COUNTRY PERSPECTIVE (U. A. Khan, U. Ali, & K. A. Channa , Trans.). (2021). Journal of Business And Entrepreneurship, 9(1), 63-77. https://ojs.sampoernauniversity.ac.id/index.php/JOBE/article/view/154
